![]() Around 15 million years ago, volcanic eruptions sent molten lava flowing across central Washington. Up in the Pacific Northwest, there's a much younger petrified forest with a more dramatic origin story. Scores of these plants were then buried rapidly in sediment and silica-rich volcanic ash. Log jams were often created when deceased trees fell into the prehistoric rivers that ran across the landscape. Two hundred and twenty-five million years ago, it was the site of a dense forest loaded with conifers and about a dozen other tree species. Petrified Forest National Park is about an hour's drive away from Winslow. Within the United States, there's an especially-famous motherload in eastern Arizona. The end result is a rock that appropriates the shape and structure of our original tree.Ĭaches of petrified wood can be found all over the world, from New Zealand to Greece to Argentina. Over a period of a few million years, those minerals will crystalize. As our plant's internal structure gradually breaks down, its organic material (wood fibers) gets replaced by silica and other minerals. Meanwhile, mineral-laden water or mud seeps into the dead tree's pores and other openings. Because oxygen is the main driving force behind the decaying process, the smothered plant will begin to decompose far more slowly than it normally would. This blanketing material then shields the dead tree from oxygen. ![]() ![]() Once in a while, though, a newly-deceased tree (or some other kind of woody plant) gets rapidly buried by mud, silt or volcanic ash. Usually, a dead, fallen tree will be subjected to this process. The process that most people call " rotting" is a type of decay which sets in as microorganisms break down organic matter. When an organism dies, it usually decomposes. My absolute favorite clue is “Reason for a service break at Wimbledon.” The perfect answer is TEA.How is such a transformation possible? Well, it can only take place under the right set of circumstances. All four are in grids by female constructors. ![]() This is the fourth appearance of the word NUDIST in New York Times puzzles this decade. Types” will make some feel uncomfortable but amuse others. You won’t be surprised to hear that all the correspondence that comes to my e-mail address begins precisely that way. I like seeing “My dear SIR” at 11 Across. To limit messages to 140 characters? I can just imagine the brainstorming meeting: “Yeah, blogs are great, but who has time to read a post with more than a single, simple thought expressed? We need to limitĬreativity by forcing messages to be fewer than 20 words.” Would you have seen that as the next killer app? Don’t try to weasel out by saying twix are for kids. Who would have thought that the secret to becoming a critical worldwide communications center would be That may be generous, as many tweets are mere fragments. “Many a Twitter message” is ONE SENTENCE. I suspect we lay people notice the artistry too, at least on a subconscious level. As when magicians create effects they imagine only other magicians appreciate, Each is furthest from the edge of the grid.ĭoes that kind of attention to detail make a difference to your solving experience? Many solvers won’t notice. The grid is made moreĮlegant by having each anagram be a complete word (not part of a longer word or phrase) and by having the anagram position alternate left and right. Gorski leaves no STONE unturned, at least until 61 Across, where the explanation answer justifies the anagram theme. Premium Crosswords is available through subscription only.Īt last the gathered snow lets down as white …
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